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Eighteen accounts of what is real, each set out in its own terms and each with its own page.
All World Views Does God Exist?The Mu'tazila stream of the Islam timeline.
Streams: All of Islam Sunni Islam Twelver Shia Islam Ibadi Islam Mu'tazila Hanbali Sufi Orders Ash'ari Modern Reformist Islam
Wasil ibn Ata, who withdrew from Hasan al-Basri's circle over the status of the grave sinner, dies in Basra; his circle's doctrine of the intermediate position gives the Mu'tazila, the first school of Islamic theology, its name and its beginning.
The Abbasids, claiming rule for the Prophet's family, overthrow the Umayyads from Khorasan and found a caliphate that lasts five centuries; Baghdad rises as its capital, and the revolution's promise to the Prophet's kin curdles for the Alids, whose claims it had used.
The caliphs al-Ma'mun and his two successors impose the mihna, an inquisition requiring officials and scholars to affirm the createdness of the Qur'an, the Mu'tazila doctrine; Ahmad ibn Hanbal's refusal and flogging make him Sunni Islam's emblem of resistance, and al-Mutawakkil abandons the test.
Qadi Abd al-Jabbar, chief judge of Rayy and the Mu'tazila's great systematizer, dies; his twenty-volume al-Mughni preserves Mu'tazila theology in its fullest form, much of it recovered from manuscripts in Yemeni libraries a thousand years later.
The Mu'tazila commentator al-Zamakhshari dies; his al-Kashshaf, a rhetorical and grammatical commentary on the Qur'an, is read across the schools despite its Mu'tazila doctrine, and preserves that theology inside the mainstream commentary tradition.
