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Eighteen accounts of what is real, each set out in its own terms and each with its own page.
All World Views Does God Exist?The Modern Reformist Islam stream of the Islam timeline.
Streams: All of Islam Sunni Islam Twelver Shia Islam Ibadi Islam Mu'tazila Hanbali Sufi Orders Ash'ari Modern Reformist Islam
Napoleon's expedition lands in Egypt with soldiers, scholars, and a printing press; the ease of the conquest shocks the Muslim world, opens the modern encounter with Europe, and begins the age of reform, reaction, and revival that runs to the present.
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan founds the college at Aligarh to give India's Muslims modern education alongside their faith; the Aligarh movement becomes the seedbed of Muslim modernism in South Asia and, in time, of the Pakistan movement.
Muhammad Abduh, Grand Mufti of Egypt and the leading voice of Islamic modernism, dies in Alexandria; his call to reopen interpretation, reconcile Islam with reason and science, and reform education shapes reformist Islam for a century.
The Turkish Grand National Assembly abolishes the Ottoman caliphate and exiles Abdulmecid II, ending thirteen centuries of the caliphal institution; the question of leadership of the Muslim community, open since 632, stands open in a new form.
Hasan al-Banna founds the Society of the Muslim Brothers in Ismailia, Egypt; its call for an Islamic order built from society upward becomes the template of modern Islamist movements across the Sunni world.
The Shah falls and Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Tehran; the Islamic Republic of Iran is proclaimed under the guardianship of the jurist, the first modern state built on Twelver Shia doctrine, and its example re-energizes movements, Sunni and Shia alike, across the region.
