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184 works in the collection, presented as a programme.
The collection, presented as a programme: the featured article first, then the essays, world views, prayers and creeds, arguments, and libraries, each with its image and its place.
Featured Article
A Short Critique of Darwinism
by John P. Hubert MD
A Catholic “Battle Plan” for the 21 st Century Culture War The Stable Trinitarian “Core” By: J. P. Hubert, Jr. MD FACS “If you are surprised to be told that our entire civilization is in crisis , I welcome you back to…
by John P. Hubert MD
Stem cells are simply the more "primitive" totipotent (all potent) or pleuripotent (partially potent) cell lines that develop in a human embryo shortly after fertilization. The resulting "zygote", or embryo then…
by John P. Hubert MD
Over 20 arguments or "Proofs" have been developed throughout history for the existence of a supreme being,(God). In general, these proofs usually take the form of 4 or 5 basic types, with variation(s) on those. Kreeft…
by John P. Hubert MD
As a Christian and an apologist for Christ, the author has spent many years "looking" for evidence that the Triune God of Christianity is indeed God. The working hypothesis is that if Jesus Christ is indeed God in the…
by Paul Swope
Copyright (c) 1998 First Things 82 (April 1998): 31-35. For twenty-five years the pro-life movement has stood up to defend perhaps the most crucial principle in any civilized society, namely, the sanctity and value of…
by Theodorus Priscianus
It is never licit to give something that will cause an abortion. As Hippocrates points out, it is not fitting that the innocent office of a doctor be stained by complicity in such a serious offense. But if they attempt…
by Justinian
Why a woman who procured an abortion would be punished: -Because "it might appear scandalous that she should be able to deprive her husband of children without being punished". -Digest 47.11 Because the thing is a bad…
by Bernard Nathanson M.D.
ABSTRACT: Dr. Bernard Nathanson details the deceptions, dirty tricks, and other tactics that helped make abortion legal and socially acceptable in the United States. Personally responsible for 75,000 abortions…
by Cardinal Francis George, O.M.I.
ABSTRACT: For those of us seeking to generate a new apologetics in a new evangelization capable of drawing all closer to Christ, His Church, and one another, the account of Jesus’ disposition toward the adulteress and…
by John P. Hubert MD
John, Thank You for your comments I usually don't get involved with these philosophical discussions because most of him, frankly, are way over my head. But I do have an interest in this one. Thank you for your patience…
by Michael R. Smith
A philosophy major at a small liberal arts college told his mass communication professor that he wanted to believe in God. Could the professor, the student asked, give him some reasons for a belief. The educator reached…
by John P. Hubert MD
Apologetics is a discipline which is involved in the intellectual defense of the faith. It primarily utilizes reason, although in some circumstances appeals are made to individual experiences so- called Experiential…
by John P. Hubert MD
The Shroud of Turin, thought by millions to be the actual burial cloth of Jesus of Nazareth, remains controversial. It was extensively investigated in the last quarter of the 20th century by a team of scientific…
by John P. Hubert MD
In 1981 Shroud researchers Dr. Alan Adler (Chemistry) and Dr. John Heller (Medicine) published the results of over 1000 tests which they performed on samples taken from the Shroud of Turin. The Journal of the Canadian…
by His Holiness Pope John Paul II
Pope Describes Universe as "Sacred Book" That Speaks of God Focuses on Psalm 18(19) at General Audience VATICAN CITY, JAN. 30, 2002 (Zenit.org) .- John Paul II referred to the universe as "another sacred book" that…
by John P. Hubert MD
At this time of year, we are all reminded of the passion, crucifixion, and resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ. Few have thoughtfully considered however, the magnitude of his passion and crucifixion in terms of the…
by Richard Doerflinger MA
Human Cloning Prohibition Fact Sheet Announcements by some scientists and groups that they will try to produce live-born children by cloning has renewed Congress’s interest in the issue. An irresponsible experiment…
by John F. Kilner PhD
On Sunday, November 25, 2001, Advanced Cell Technology (ACT) in Worcester, Massachusetts announced that it had produced several human embryos through cloning. The cloning technique involved the transfer of nuclear…
by His Holiness Pope John Paul II
Pope Calls for Legal Recognition of Human Embryo Marks Pro-life Day in Italy VATICAN CITY, FEB. 3, 2002 (Zenit.org) .- John Paul II today called for the legal recognition of the human embryo as well as respect for the…
by Janet Smith
Contraception: Why Not? ABSTRACT: Janet Smith explains why the Catholic Church keeps insisting, in the face of the opposite position held by most of the rest of the modern world, that contraception is one of the worst…
by Heather Ann Getson
Our Heavenly Father, we thank You that we may come to You in prayer, and we do thank You for the Joy that fills our soul. We rejoice that You have made provision for us, that through dark nights of the spirit, we are…
by John P. Hubert MD
Let me first begin by saying that I do not believe it is possible to know the answer to the above question in an absolute sense. That is, I do not believe it can be "proven" absolutely, only practically. Having said…
by John P. Hubert MD
Darwinism, or the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis has come under increasing attack as a theory, in light of recent discoveries in molecular biology and the field of origin of life research. Many problems remain to be explained…
by John P. Hubert MD
Darwinists (naturalists) usually admit that their theory excludes the possibility of God. Many acquiecse particularly when they debate this issue in public, (Dawkins for example) and even more in private. Non-Darwinian…
by John P. Hubert MD
In this essay we will first consider some information with respect to "proofs". All proofs, whether absolute or practical, fall into the realm of the cognitive, ie, that which is "knowable" by reason (as St. Thomas…
by Father Frank Pavone
In her book to be released in 2002, my friend Dr. Theresa Burke writes, "There is no social norm for dealing with an abortion. There are no Hallmark cards for friends who have had an abortion, declaring either sympathy…
by John P. Hubert MD
First Principles are the fundamental assumptions on which a chain of reasoning may be based. Classically, first principles are the foundation of "knowledge" as viewed from the discipline of philosophy. It is a set of…
I believe in God, the Father Almighty, creator of Heaven and Earth. I believe in Jesus Christ His only Son our Lord. He was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit, and born of the Virgin Mary. He suffered under…
Whosoever will be saved, before all things it is necessary that he hold the catholic faith; Which faith except every one do keep whole and undefiled, without doubt he shall perish everlastingly. And the catholic faith…
by Council of Nicea
We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from God…
by Catherina Hurlburt
(Nurse Jill Stanek and others testify before U.S. House) July 24, 2000 Rep. Charles Canady (R-Florida) may not have anticipated the stir he would cause when he introduced the Born-Alive Infants Protection Act of 2000…
by John P Hubert MD
As we have previously stated, everyone has a "World View" whether they recognize it or not, a "filter" whereby they "sift" the information through which they understand the world. Some have referred to it as a…
by John P. Hubert MD
In our previous essay, we outlined the Christian World View in chronologic form, including most of the salient features which distinguish it from other World Views on the basis of content. In this essay we will…
by John P. Hubert MD
While the "core" components of the Christian paradigm are universally agreed to by all "3" branches of Christianity, the "non-core" issues are not. In fact, the more one studies the non-core elements in detail, the…
by John P Hubert MD
A World View is a "filter" or "prism" through which we evaluate and make decisions about our world, our reality base, and for those of a more scientific persuasion, an "algorhythm" which allows us to "process"…
by John P. Hubert MD
Ronald Nash, in his excellent book "Faith and Reason" outlines the notion of Noetic Structure, that is the sum total of everything a person believes, (1). This noetic structure contains certain presuppositions (axioms)…
by John P. Hubert MD
In our last essay we discussed some of the issues involved in evaluating world views in general. In this essay we will provide one method or algorhythm for subjecting prospective world views to analysis. Hopefully, this…
Historic Christianity confesses one God who created all things, who entered history in Jesus Christ, and who restores humanity through Christ's death and resurrection.
Catholic Christianity confesses one triune God and receives his revelation through Scripture and Tradition, guarded by the Church Christ founded and its apostolic teaching office.
Judaism is the covenant faith of the people of Israel: one God chose them, gave them his Torah, and calls them to holiness and justice in this world.
Islam is submission to the one God, Allah, who spoke finally through his prophet Muhammad; the Qur'an guides believers toward judgment, mercy, and paradise.
Hinduism gathers many traditions around one conviction: the soul is bound to rebirth by karma, and liberation comes when it realizes its oneness with the divine.
Buddhism teaches that suffering comes from craving and ignorance; by following the Buddha's Eightfold Path, a person can awaken and be freed from rebirth.
Taoism teaches that a nameless Way, the Tao, orders all things; wisdom is to stop forcing and live in harmony with its flow.
Sikhism confesses one God, revealed through Guru Nanak and the ten Gurus; honest work, shared wealth, and remembrance of God lead to liberation.
Eastern pantheistic monism is a family of teachings holding that all reality is one divine whole; the separate self is an illusion, and awakening to oneness is salvation.
Animism and primal religions hold that the world is alive with spirits — of ancestors, animals, and places — and that ritual keeps human life in harmony with them.
Deism holds that reason and nature reveal one Creator who made the world and its laws, then left it to run without miracles or special revelation.
Naturalism holds that nature is all there is: the universe of matter, energy, and natural law needs no god, soul, or purpose beyond itself.
Secular humanism builds life on reason, science, and human compassion without religion, aiming at dignity, freedom, and flourishing for every person in this world.
Existentialism holds that life has no built-in meaning: each person, radically free, must create a self and accept responsibility for that creation.
Nihilism is the conviction that life has no inherent meaning, purpose, or objective moral truth — the heavens are empty and every value is groundless.
Marxism explains history as the struggle of classes over material production, and aims at a classless society in which exploitation and alienation are ended.
New Age spirituality is an eclectic search for the divine within: through healing, meditation, and ancient wisdom, each person awakens to their own sacred power.
Postmodernism doubts every grand story that claims to explain everything; it treats truth as shaped by language, culture, and power rather than simply discovered.
Ecumenical
The ancient baptismal creed of the Western Church, summarizing belief in the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
Ecumenical
The creed of the councils of Nicaea (325) and Constantinople (381), the central doctrinal confession shared by most Christians.
Ecumenical
A Latin creed, traditionally ascribed to Athanasius, that states the doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation in precise detail.
Ecumenical
The Council of Chalcedon's 451 definition that Christ is one person in two natures, fully God and fully human.
Lutheran
The primary Lutheran confession of faith, presented to Emperor Charles V at Augsburg in 1530.
Reformed
A 37-article Reformed confession written in 1561 by Guido de Brès for the churches of the Low Countries.
Reformed
A Reformed catechism of 129 questions and answers, published in 1563 and organized around guilt, grace, and gratitude.
Reformed
The Presbyterian standards produced by the Westminster Assembly in the 1640s: a confession of faith and a Larger and Shorter Catechism.
Baptist
The confession of Particular Baptist churches, first published in 1677 and formally adopted in London in 1689.
Anglican
The Church of England's defining doctrinal articles, finalized in 1571 and printed in the Book of Common Prayer.
Ecumenical
The prayer Jesus taught his disciples in Matthew 6 and Luke 11, shared by Christians of every tradition.
Catholic
A prayer to the Virgin Mary built from the angel's greeting in Luke 1, asking for her intercession.
Catholic
A short doxology praising the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, used across Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant worship.
Catholic
The set of prayers prayed on the beads of the Rosary, including the Fatima Prayer and the Hail Holy Queen.
Catholic
A prayer of sorrow for sin, prayed in the Sacrament of Penance and in personal examination of conscience.
Catholic
A thrice-daily prayer of versicles and Hail Marys commemorating the Annunciation and the Incarnation.
Catholic
A medieval prayer asking Christ's body, blood, and passion to sanctify, save, and protect the one who prays.
Catholic
An ancient Latin hymn of praise to God, sung on occasions of solemn thanksgiving in Catholic and Anglican worship.
Orthodox
The opening prayers of Orthodox services and prayer rules, built around the thrice-holy hymn 'Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal.'
Orthodox
A short, repeated invocation of Jesus asking for mercy, central to the Orthodox hesychast tradition.
Anglican
The short, structured prayers of the Book of Common Prayer appointed for each Sunday and feast, exemplified by the Collect for Purity.
Jewish
Judaism's central affirmation of the one God, drawn from Deuteronomy 6:4 and recited morning and evening.
Jewish
The standing prayer at the center of every Jewish prayer service, recited silently while standing.
Jewish
An Aramaic prayer sanctifying God's name, best known in its form recited by mourners.
Jewish
The Grace After Meals, a set of blessings of thanksgiving recited after eating a meal with bread.
Islamic
Islam's testimony of faith: there is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God.
Islamic
The ritual prayer performed five times daily, with fixed postures, recitations, and the closing testimony (Tashahhud).
Islamic
Personal supplications addressed to God in one's own need, in words from the Qur'an, the Prophet, or the heart.
Islamic
The remembrance of God through repeated short formulas of glory, praise, and greatness.
Hindu
The most revered mantra of the Rig Veda, a meditation on the divine light that illumines the mind.
Hindu
The four "great sayings" of the Upanishads declaring the identity of the self (atman) and ultimate reality (Brahman).
Buddhist
The formula of going for refuge to the Buddha, the Dhamma, and the Sangha — the act that makes a person a Buddhist.
Buddhist
Five voluntary training rules — against killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, false speech, and intoxicants — undertaken by lay Buddhists.
Buddhist
The Buddha's discourse on loving-kindness, chanted as a blessing and a protection.
Sikh
The daily banis (hymns) prescribed for Sikh devotion: morning, evening, and night prayers from the Sikh scriptures.
Sikh
The formal standing prayer of supplication and remembrance that frames Sikh worship and undertakings.
Bahá'í
Three prayers revealed by Bahá'u'lláh — Short, Medium, and Long — of which each Bahá'í chooses one to recite daily.
Bahá'í
Revealed prayers of Bahá'u'lláh, the Báb, and 'Abdu'l-Bahá for occasions, needs, and gatherings of every kind.
Jain
Jainism's central mantra of homage to the five supreme beings, recited at the start of prayer and meditation.
Shinto
Formal ritual prayers in classical Japanese, recited by priests to the kami at shrine festivals and rites.
Indigenous / Traditional
The Haudenosaunee "words before all else": a spoken thanksgiving greeting to every part of the natural world.
A priori — from reason alone
God is the greatest conceivable being, and a being that exists is greater than one that does not, so God must exist.
A posteriori — from the world
Everything that begins to exist has a cause, and the universe began to exist, so the universe has a cause.
A posteriori — from the world
The order, complexity, and fine-tuning of the universe point to a designer rather than to chance alone.
From value, mind, and experience
Objective moral values and duties exist, and they are best explained by a moral lawgiver.
From value, mind, and experience
Conscious, intentional minds are difficult to explain on a purely physical account of the world, and theism explains them better.
A priori — from reason alone
The reliability of human reason, and the laws of logic themselves, point to a rational ground beyond the natural world.
From value, mind, and experience
Widespread and persistent religious experiences are best explained by a transcendent reality that people genuinely encounter.
From value, mind, and experience
Reports of miracles, above all the resurrection of Jesus, provide evidence that a supernatural power acts in the world.
From value, mind, and experience
The experience of beauty and sublimity points beyond the natural world to a source of beauty itself.
Cumulative and prudential
No single argument may settle the question alone, but together the arguments form a cumulative case, and Pascal's Wager adds a prudential reason to believe.
A priori — from reason alone
Logic, science, and objective morality presuppose the Christian God, without whom they have no final ground.
Evidential — from the world's suffering
The suffering of the world is said to count against a God who is all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good.
Evidential — from the world's suffering
If God were perfectly loving, reasonable people would not remain without belief; yet many do.
Coherence — is the idea of God consistent?
The stone paradox asks whether a God who can do anything can make a stone too heavy for God to lift.
Coherence — is the idea of God consistent?
If God already knows infallibly what each person will do, the future seems fixed and human freedom seems lost.
Coherence — is the idea of God consistent?
The divine attributes themselves are said to conflict, so that no being could hold them all together.
Evidential — from the world's suffering
The sheer scale of unbelief in the world is said to fit naturalism better than theism.
Answers to the arguments for God
Modern cosmology is said to remove the need for a first cause of the universe.
Answers to the arguments for God
Evolution and natural explanations of fine-tuning are said to remove the need for a designer.
Answers to the arguments for God
The ontological argument is said to fail because existence is not a property that can be built into a definition.
American Methodism historical materials
A digitized collection of interdisciplinary and historical materials related to American Methodism, hosted on the Internet Archive.
Anglican Communion documents since 1867
More than 1,500 communiqués, resolutions, and papers documenting the life and work of the Anglican Communion since 1867.
Digitized special collections and archives
Digitized collections from theological libraries and religious institutions worldwide, including manuscripts, photographs, and archival records.
Orthodox books and patristic texts
A large Orthodox portal holding tens of thousands of electronic books by the Church Fathers and Orthodox scholars, in Russian.
Baptist history and heritage texts
An open-access digital archive of Baptist identity, mission, and practice, hosted on the Internet Archive with full-text search.
Primary theological writings in full text
A full-text digital library of primary theological writings across Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.
Catholic documents, library, and dictionary
An online library, dictionary, and document search representing more than 2,000 years of Catholic scholarship and teaching.
Wesleyan research resources and editions
Duke Divinity School's center for Methodist and Wesleyan studies, developing research resources and online editions of John and Charles Wesley's works.
Classic Christian texts and reference works
Classic Christian texts, commentaries, hymnals, dictionaries, and reference works, free to read and search.
Bible, commentaries, and Church documents
The electronic library of the Congregation for the Clergy: the Bible in many languages with commentaries, and the documents of the Church.
Lutheran confessional and historical theology
The complete Concordia collection in Logos/Verbum format: Lutheran confessional writings, historical theology, and reference works, by purchase or subscription.
Digitized Pentecostal publications
A collaborative online repository of digitized Pentecostal publications: more than 526,000 pages across 23,000 items.
Works and manuscripts of Thomas Aquinas
The complete works of St. Thomas Aquinas, with manuscripts, bibliography, and research tools for Thomistic study.
Classic Protestant texts
An extensive collection of Reformation and post-Reformation texts, including Reformed, Anglican, and Presbyterian works, by subscription or perpetual access.
Pentecostal research library and archives
A specialized research library on the Pentecostal and Charismatic movement, and the archives of the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee).
Catholic video, audio, and ebooks
A Catholic streaming platform with video studies, movies, audio programs, and ebooks, offered by subscription through parishes and directly.
Pentecostal archives, media, and periodicals
The largest Pentecostal archives in the world, with digitized photographs, audio and video, and more than 250,000 pages of periodicals.
Anabaptist encyclopedia and confessions
Reliable information on Anabaptist congregations, people, and historical and theological topics, with the full texts of Mennonite confessions.
Ethics and religious studies repository
A free online library and repository on applied ethics, education, and religious studies, with collections across the world's traditions.
Digitized books from research libraries
A partnership of academic institutions holding millions of digitized titles; public-domain volumes are free to read in full.
Pentecostal-Charismatic books, periodicals, and media
One of the largest Pentecostal-Charismatic collections in the world: some 15,000 books, 1,300 periodicals, and thousands of audio and video materials, with digitized collections in the ORU Digital Showcase.
Bibliography of theology and religious studies
A comprehensive open-access bibliography for theology and religious studies, indexing journals, books, and articles.
Sacred texts of the world's religions
A freely available archive of electronic texts on religion, mythology, and folklore, holding the scriptures of many traditions.
Writings of Menno Simons
The life, complete writings, doctrine, and images of Menno Simons, including English translations of his works.
Patristic, monastic, and liturgical resources
A freely available site dedicated to Orthodox Christianity through its patristic, monastic, and liturgical heritage.
Reformed articles, books, and ebooks
A free, comprehensive online theological library of Reformed Christian articles, books, and ebooks.
Open-access theological books and articles
A curated library of open-access books and articles in theology and religious studies, gathered from publishers and repositories worldwide.
Reformation and post-Reformation sources
A select database of digital sources on theology and philosophy in the Reformation and early modern era.
Books, journals, audio, and manuscripts
More than 168,000 resources on theology and religion: books, journals, audio, and manuscripts from the Princeton Seminary library.
Anglican historical works and documents
A free archive of out-of-print Anglican works and related modern documents, transcribed and hosted by the Society of Archbishop Justus.
Luther and Lutheran writings
Works by and about Martin Luther and other Lutherans: quotations, commentaries, hymns, statements of faith, and theological treatises.
Orthodox theological books and periodicals
Free access to Orthodox theological books, scholarly reviews, and periodicals, with abstracts in Greek and English.
Southern Baptist archives and periodicals
Digital resources of the Southern Baptist Convention: annuals, biographies, newspapers, photographs, manuscripts, and periodicals.
Theological encyclopedia across traditions
An open-access, multi-author theological reference with advanced articles on Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism.
Catholic digital library and study tools
A Catholic digital library with interactive study tools and packaged collections of Scripture, the Fathers, and Catholic scholarship.
Wesleyan history and theology resources
Historical and scholarly resources on the Wesleyan tradition, theology, and the Church of the Nazarene, from Northwest Nazarene University.
Wesleyan-Holiness books and resources
A free digital library of more than 8,000 resources in over 70 languages, for ministerial preparation, education, and spiritual development; an interdenominational project created by the Global Church of the Nazarene.
Classical
The original language of the Hebrew Bible, preserved in the square script with Tiberian vocalization, and still the language of Jewish prayer.
Classical
The Aramaic of Daniel and Ezra, distinct from the later Syriac dialect, and the language of the Targums.
Classical
The common Greek of the Hellenistic world: original language of the New Testament and of the Septuagint, and foundational for Greek Christianity.
Classical
The Greek into which the Hebrew Bible was first translated, in Alexandria; the Old Testament of the early church and of Orthodoxy today.
Liturgical only
Jerome's Vulgate made Latin the translation, liturgical, and scholarly language of Western Christianity for over a millennium.
Liturgical only
The Aramaic dialect of Edessa: language of the Peshitta and of Syriac Christianity, still prayed in its churches.
Liturgical only
The last stage of ancient Egyptian, written in Greek-derived letters: translation and liturgical language of Egyptian Christianity in its Bohairic and Sahidic dialects.
Liturgical only
Ancient South Semitic language of the Ethiopian church: its liturgy, its enlarged biblical canon, and its manuscript tradition.
Liturgical only
The classical language of Armenia, whose alphabet was invented for Bible translation; still the liturgical language of the Armenian church.
Classical
The classical language of one of the oldest Christian nations, and still its liturgical language.
Liturgical only
The liturgical language of Slavic Eastern Orthodoxy, from Old Church Slavonic to its later national recensions.
Living
The scriptural and liturgical language of Islam, and a language of scripture and worship for Arabic-speaking Christians.
Classical
The sacred language of Hinduism and a scriptural language of Buddhism and Jainism: Vedic first, then the classical language of Indian theology.
Liturgical only
The canonical language of Theravada Buddhism, in which the Pali Canon is preserved and recited.
Classical
The sacred language of Tibetan Buddhism, into which the whole Indian Buddhist canon was translated.
Classical
The sacred composite language of the Guru Granth Sahib, the scripture and eternal Guru of Sikhism.
Liturgical only
The liturgical language of Zoroastrianism, in its Old and Younger forms, carrying the Avesta.
Extinct
The sacred and scholarly language of ancient Mesopotamia, preserved in cuneiform long after it ceased to be spoken.
Classical
The holy language of Sanamahism, the traditional religion of the Meitei people of Manipur.
Liturgical only
The liturgical language of Mandaeanism, an Aramaic dialect with its own script and literature.
Classical
The Hebrew of the Mishnah, the Talmuds, and the medieval rabbis: the scholarly language of Judaism for two thousand years.
Living
The great scholarly and poetic extension of Islam across Persia, Central Asia, and India.
Living
A principal scholarly and vernacular language of South Asian Islam, written in the Arabic script.
Classical
The classical language of Tamil Shaiva and Vaishnava scripture, among the oldest living literary traditions in the world.
Classical
The written language of imperial China: of the Confucian and Taoist classics and of the Chinese Buddhist canon.
Classical
The language of the Jain canon and of early Indian scripture and drama, the spoken sister of Sanskrit.
Extinct
The language of the Zoroastrian books of the Sasanian and early Islamic centuries.
Classical
The classical written language of Japan, in which the norito prayers and the early chronicles are composed.
Living
The living vernacular of Sikhism, written in Gurmukhi, the script of the Guru Granth Sahib.
Revived
The revived spoken Hebrew of modern Israel, continuous with the biblical and rabbinic language.