Ali's battle with Mu'awiya at Siffin ends in arbitration; a party of Ali's own supporters secedes over the judgment, holding that judgment belongs to God alone, and from that secession the Khawarij emerge, among whose moderate heirs the Ibadi community traces its descent.
Tagged: Schism Ibadi Islam Muslim Sunni Islam Twelver Shia Islam
The Event
- Date
- 657 (exact)
- Era
- Rashidun; Standard periodization of Islamic history
- Location
- Siffin; today Raqqa, Syria
- Traditions
- Islam
- Streams
- Ibadi Islam, Twelver Shia Islam, Sunni Islam
- Key figures
- Ali ibn Abi Talib, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan
Connections
- Battle of the Camel; first fitna; followed
Primary Sources
- Al-Tabari, History
Secondary Sources
- Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates (Routledge, 3rd ed. 2016)
- Crone, God's Rule: Government and Islam (Columbia, 2004)
Provenance: HIST-0212; confidence 0.95; accessed 2026-10-27.
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